Batas Keberlakuan KUHP Nasional terhadap Pengulangan Ketidakhadiran Tanpa Izin

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the limits of the applicability of the National Criminal Code to repeated unauthorized absence committed by military personnel and to formulate a model of legal accountability that ensures legal certainty through the application of the lex specialis derogat legi generali principle within the military criminal justice system. The issue arises following the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the National Criminal Code, which introduced a recodified criminal law framework and general recidivism provisions, while the Military Criminal Code had already established a specific sentencing enhancement for repeated unauthorized absence. This situation creates uncertainty regarding the respective scope of application of both legal regimes in military law enforcement. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches by examining the National Criminal Code, the Military Criminal Code, the Military Court Law, the Military Discipline Law, and relevant military court decisions. The novelty of this study lies in the formulation of the Normative Competence-Based Liability Model, which positions the Military Criminal Code as the primary basis for criminal liability, while the National Criminal Code functions as a complementary source of general criminal law principles. The findings demonstrate that repeated unauthorized absence remains governed by the Military Criminal Code as a lex specialis and falls within the absolute jurisdiction of military courts. Accordingly, the National Criminal Code serves only an interpretative function regarding general criminal law principles, thereby strengthening legal certainty, consistency of judicial decisions, and harmonization within Indonesia's military criminal law system.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis batas keberlakuan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Nasional terhadap pengulangan ketidakhadiran tanpa izin oleh prajurit serta merumuskan konstruksi pertanggungjawaban yang menjamin kepastian hukum melalui penerapan asas lex specialis derogat legi generali dalam sistem hukum pidana militer. Permasalahan muncul setelah berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 yang memperkenalkan rekodifikasi hukum pidana nasional beserta pengaturan residivisme, sementara Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Militer telah lebih dahulu mengatur pemberatan pidana terhadap pengulangan ketidakhadiran tanpa izin. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan ketidakpastian mengenai batas keberlakuan masing-masing instrumen hukum dalam penegakan hukum militer. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus melalui analisis terhadap KUHP Nasional, KUHPM, Undang-Undang Peradilan Militer, Undang-Undang Hukum Disiplin Militer, serta putusan pengadilan militer. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada perumusan Model Konstruksi Pertanggungjawaban Berbasis Kompetensi Normatif (Normative Competence-Based Liability Model) yang menempatkan KUHPM sebagai dasar utama pertanggungjawaban, sedangkan KUHP Nasional berfungsi sebagai pelengkap terhadap asas-asas hukum pidana umum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengulangan ketidakhadiran tanpa izin tetap tunduk pada KUHPM sebagai lex specialis dan menjadi kewenangan absolut peradilan militer, sehingga penerapan KUHP Nasional dibatasi pada fungsi interpretatif terhadap asas hukum pidana umum guna menjamin kepastian hukum, konsistensi putusan, dan harmonisasi sistem hukum pidana militer.